The Best Australian Sea Stories
Before becoming a professional entertainer, songwriter, verse writer and singer in 1988, Jim Haynes taught writing, literature, history and drama in schools and universities from outback New South Wales to Britain and back again. While teaching he gained two masters degrees in literature, from New England University and the University of Wales (UK). A descendent of British immigrants who made their own sea voyage to Australia in 1929, Jim is the author of many great Australian titles including books on railways, the trucking industry, aviation and horse racing. He is one of our most successful and prolific Australiana authors.
The Best
Australian
Sea Stories
JIM HAYNES
First published in 2012
Copyright © Jim Haynes 2012
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10 per cent of this book, whichever is the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act.
Allen & Unwin
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83 Alexander Street
Crows Nest NSW 2065
Australia
Phone: (61 2) 8425 0100
Fax: (61 2) 9906 2218
Email: info@allenandunwin.com
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Cataloguing-in-Publication details are available
from the National Library of Australia
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ISBN 978 1 74237 125 2
Set in 12/15 pt Bembo by Post Pre-press Group, Australia
Printed and bound in Australia by Griffin Press
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is for Wenda McMillan—who spent a good deal of her life at sea on the Lauryn G.
Contents
Introduction Jim Haynes
‘The Ocean Beach’ Wilfred Mailler
Timeline Jim Haynes
‘The Days When The World Was Wide’ (excerpt) Henry Lawson
It’s out there . . . somewhere Jim Haynes
‘Captain Cook—A Limerick’ Jim Haynes
Voyage to Sydney Mark Twain
‘The Bonny Port of Sydney’ Henry Lawson
Star of the southern seas Jim Haynes
‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ (excerpt) Samuel Taylor Coleridge
The ablest seaman in the French navy Ernest Scott
‘Explorers’ Jose-Maria de Heredia
The surgeon’s journal John White
‘Sydney Cove, 1788’ Roderic Quinn
The boy who read Robinson Crusoe Jim Haynes
‘The Ships That Won’t Go Down’ Henry Lawson
The Voyage of the Janet Nicoll Robert Louis Stevenson
‘Requiem’ Robert Louis Stevenson
The ones that got away Jim Haynes
‘The Cyprus Brig’ Frank McNamara
Cecil Rhodes and the shark Mark Twain
‘Sharks Are (Relatively) Harmless’ Jim Haynes
Passage to Melbourne Jim Haynes
‘Break, Break, Break’ Alfred Tennyson
Full up: The voyage of the Palapa David Marr and Marian Wilkinson
‘At the Tide’s Will’ Roderic Quinn
Mystery of the Venus mutineers Anthony Brown
‘Unknown Seas’ (excerpt) George Horton
A harbour full of bodies Jim Haynes
‘Dunbar’ Henry Kendall
Coming across Henry Lawson
‘Sydney-Side’ (excerpt) Henry Lawson
To war with The Banjo Banjo Paterson
‘There’s Another Blessed Horse Fell Down’ Banjo Paterson
Hurrah for old Ireland: The Catalpa rescue Jim Haynes
‘The Catalpa’ Traditional
A day on a lugger Banjo Paterson
‘The Pearl Diver’ Banjo Paterson
Ringed with menace Jim Haynes
‘Lost With All Hands’ Peter Mace
Zaimis Jim Bendrodt
‘The Sea and the Hills’ (excerpt) Rudyard Kipling
One way ticket Jim Haynes
‘How Australian Are You?’ Jim Haynes
The pilots of Port Phillip Bay Matt Stirling
‘Sea Fear’ Charles Souter
Acknowledgements
THANKS TO DAVID MARR and Marian Wilkinson for permission to include the Palapa story from their book Dark Victory and Peter Mace for permission to use his poem ‘Lost With All Hands’,
I also want to thank Rosalind Stirling, from Heritage Australia magazine, for her help and support and Matt Stirling and Tony Brown for their co-operation and permission to use their stories.
Thanks to the team at Allen & Unwin for their enthusiastic support of this project, especially Foong Ling Kong, Stuart Neal and editors Laura Mitchell, Katri Hilden, and Jo Lyons; and to Lisa Macken for proofreading.
Thanks also to Dennis O’Keeffe for his local knowledge and friendship and, as always, to Robyn for listening when I needed an opinion.
AUSTRALIA, n. A country lying in the South Sea, whose industrial and commercial development has been unspeakably retarded by an unfortunate dispute among geographers as to whether it is a continent or an island.
OCEAN, n. A body of water occupying about two-thirds of a world made for man—who has no gills.
Ambrose Bierce
Introduction
IT’S ODD THAT AUSTRALIA’S iconic stories, landscapes, images and characters are mainly portrayed as being from the inland, where only a tiny percentage of the population has ever lived.
We have a strong and distinctive national character, and we are the only nation of any reasonable size that has no borders with any other nations. Our homogeneity of culture is a quirk of fate, history and geography, but it has little to do with the outback, or with rural pursuits. Australia ranks in the top 5 per cent of the most urbanised nations in the world and our population hugs the coast.
The distinguishing factor that shaped our history and our national character is actually the fact that we are surrounded by ocean.
Before the European invasion, the vast majority of Aboriginal people lived on the coast or within easy reach of the sea. When Europeans arrived they, too, clung to the coastal areas of the continent, for obvious reasons.
Firstly, that’s where most of the fertile land was, and easy access to fresh water.
Secondly, the sea was the primary means of transport until quite recently. It was the major link for Australians travelling to other parts of the country, and indeed it was Australia’s only link to the rest of the world.
It is true that railways eventually linked the inland to the coast, but each colony had a different rail gauge, so the only expedient way to get to other major cities in Australia, or even to towns within each colony, was by sea.
We became a wealthy nation not because we produced wool, gold, beef, coal and iron in vast quantities, but because clipper ships and steamers carried our wool, gold, coal, iron and frozen beef to the world.
It was not only international shipping that made us a great seafaring nation. In our brief European history of 225 years, with a small and scattered population, our coastal sea-lanes have been home to more than 5000 ships, operated by at least 300 Australian-based shipping companies.
These are ships that plied Australian waters, operated by Australian companies as huge as the Adelaide Steam
ship Company and the Australian National Line, or as small as my favourite: the Humpybong Steamship Company of Brisbane, which operated the steamers SS Pearl, Beryl, Garnet, Emerald and Olivine between Woody Point and Sandgate from 1891 to 1907.
Australia relied on coastal trade from the earliest days of the colonies until the 1960s. There were no interstate roads to speak of until the twentieth century—and air travel was only a novelty until World War II.
The greatest labour struggles in our nation’s history were fought between maritime unions, shipping companies and governments on Australian docks and ships, although the shearer’s strikes seem to get all the attention, and all the songs and stories.
The drama and romance of long inland treks seem to appeal to Australians more than daring ocean voyages. Many Aussies still believe the fairytale about the first Melbourne Cup winner walking from Nowra to Melbourne to compete in the race!
Archer went by steamship from Sydney to Melbourne three times to compete in Victorian Spring races, in 1861, 1862 and 1863.
Trainer Etienne De Mestre’s horses usually boarded the steamer at Adam’s Wharf near his property at Terara, on the Shoalhaven River on the New South Wales south coast. Floods in 1860 altered the course of the river channels and made navigation dangerous. So, from 1860 to 1863, horses were walked to the wharf at Greenwell Point thirteen kilometres to the east. This may be the origin of the ‘walking to Melbourne’ myth. There is no doubt Archer went by steamship to Melbourne or Sydney or Newcastle to race; all racehorses did the same.
In 1876 the steamer City Of Melbourne ran into a savage storm taking the Sydney horses to Melbourne for the Spring Carnival. All the horses, except one, were washed overboard and drowned. The one surviving horse had already won the AJC Derby but was, strangely, as yet unnamed. He was appropriately named Robinson Crusoe and became a champion and a great sire.
A brief look at any newspaper archive from the earliest colonial times to the 1960s will reveal the daily ‘shipping section’, showing which ships arrived from which ports and which ones were leaving; it also noted which ships were expected, and when mail could be accepted on board, and so on. The shipping news was a major section of every city newspaper and usually occupied a good part of one of the leading pages.
Our nation was not only ‘girt by sea’—it was sustained, supplied and kept informed by sea!
I would have loved to include more stories about our coastal trade in this volume, as it has been such an important part of our nation’s history and is rapidly being forgotten. The stories that are included, however, concentrate on voyages to or from our shores.
It seems European voyages to our shores began as early as 1520, and the visitors were Portuguese. There is evidence of Spanish visitors, too: artefacts found in mangroves and on reefs suggest the Spanish made their way to our shores from the east, not long after their rivals, the Portuguese, arrived from the west.
There is also no doubt that many Dutch sailors and explorers visited, intentionally or accidentally. Willem Janszoon explored the Gulf of Carpentaria in the Duyfken in 1606, and Dirk Hartog was on the Western Australian coast ten years later.
Pieter Nuyts explored our south coast as far as Ceduna in 1627, and Abel Tasman landed in Van Diemen’s Land in 1642. Quite a few Dutch vessels were wrecked along the west coast, including the infamous Batavia in 1629 and the Gilt Dragon in 1656. The Dutch regularly called in for water and to repair their ships.
An English ship, the Tryall, was wrecked off our coast as early as 1622, but the English first arrived on shore in the guise of adventurer William Dampier in 1688. In 1699 the British government was interested enough to finance an expedition for Dampier to take a second look. The French were sailing in our waters before the eighteenth century—and then along came James Cook.
All these stories are fascinating and, although most have been told many times, they all deserve to be told again. I simply ran out of space to retell them all.
This is not a history book or a comprehensive reference book. It is a collection of stories that will hopefully entertain and inform readers who like a good yarn, but they are all true stories.
I have included a timeline so that the stories can be referenced against each other and to enable the reader to put the individual stories into chronological order. Perhaps they make more sense if the flow of history that connects many of them can be checked easily.
I certainly enjoyed researching and retelling some of the great stories from our maritime past. They are ripping yarns indeed— better than any fictional tales a scriptwriter could dream up. Some are tragic, others are thrilling and inspiring, many are all that and more.
The more I delve into our past, the more I am in awe of our colonial pioneers, and the more admiration and respect I have for the ordinary—yet extraordinary—folk who came before us and got on with building a nation. They often demonstrated a stoic acceptance of hardship, perseverance and a basic will to survive. They didn’t think they were building a nation—they were usually just following orders, or making the best of what life handed them.
Of course there are the heroes, too: men and women whose courage, sense of adventure and actions in the face of danger are difficult to comprehend by anyone living in a modern, affluent nation like ours.
Men like James Cook, La Perouse, Arthur Phillip, Matthew Flinders and that stoic brave Scot John Hunter shine like beacons from the dim historic fog of our past.
Stories of women with the daring, courage and endurance of Mary Bryant and Charlotte Badger take my breath away. What amazingly admirable characters they were, with their fierce determination to live as they wished in spite of all that nature, fate and a male-dominated, unfair, class-ridden society could throw at them.
While I love retelling these stories, it is wonderful to be able to include other stories from the pens of such great story-tellers as Henry Lawson, Mark Twain, Robert Louis Stevenson and Banjo Paterson. Their reflections on ocean travel to or from Australia are full of wit and observations that give us a real insight into their time and the way of life at sea back then.
The various snippets of verse interspersed between stories is an indulgence that allowed me to give the flavour of the sea and its many moods as felt by some of the greatest poets of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including Tennyson, Coleridge, Henry Kendall, Rudyard Kipling, Henry Lawson, Roderic Quinn, Charles Souter and, of course, Banjo Paterson. Each piece of verse is intended to capture something of the events, mood or flavour of the story it follows.
I was also keen to include stories from our more recent past. Jim Bendrodt’s dramatic story of how a boy and a horse survived a cyclone aboard a freighter is a long-time favourite of mine, and I also had a great time researching and retelling the story of assisted migration to our shores.
David Marr and Marian Wilkinson’s beautifully told tale of the Tampa rescue brings our migration history graphically up to date.
Between the voyage of Cristovao de Mendonca’s caravels and the mercy mission of Arne Rinnan, captain of the Tampa, lies a maritime history that spans five centuries.
It is the fascinating history of a continent—or the planet’s largest island if you prefer—called Java la Grande, Terra Incognita, Terra Australis and New Holland . . . until, finally, a rather remarkable man named Matthew Flinders, annoyed at all the confusion over names, wrote simply:
‘I call the whole island Australia.’
In 2008 I received a letter from an Afghan refugee, Asif Raza.
He wrote to thank me for a random, small act of kindness.
After a performance at a folk festival, someone mentioned they were helping Asif learn to read English, so I gave them an anthology of 1000 Australian poems to give to him, a book I compiled a few years back.
Asif’s letter expressed far more gratitude than my small gesture deserved. He was astounded, he said, at the kindness he had received since arriving in Australia.
As a young man from a desert country
which has no coastline at all, he chose an old short poem to express his feelings about his new homeland. This is it.
‘The Ocean Beach’
Wilfred Mailler
I weary of the sun-scorched plain,
Its yellow, sere monotony;
I want the whisper of the rain;
I want the great, blue, surging sea.
Oh just to wash away the stain
Of dust eternal and be fanned
By winds that sing the strong refrain
Of crested wave and cool, wet sand.
Timeline
15th century
1420—60 Prince Henry of Portugal develops the caravel as a sea-going vessel, improves navigation and begins sponsoring sea voyages to Africa and into the Atlantic to find and colonise the Azores and Cape Verde islands.
1488 Portuguese explorer Bartholomew Diaz rounds southern Africa’s Cape of Good Hope.
1492 Christopher Columbus sails west from Spain, discovering the West Indies.
1493 Papal decree gives Spain the right to new lands west of a line drawn pole to pole through the Atlantic Ocean.
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas gives Spain the right to new land discovered to the west of a meridian 390 miles west of the Cape Verde islands; Portugal has all new lands on the other side of this line.
1497 Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama sails to India via the Cape. English begin looking for a Northwest Passage into the
Pacific via Canada—John Cabot sent by Henry VII.
16th century
1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal, having found it en route to India.
1510 Portuguese seize Goa.
1511 Portuguese seize the Moluccas.
1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama and claims the Pacific Ocean for Spain.
1520 The Portuguese have established settlements in the Persian Gulf, India and Indonesia, and trade bases in China and Japan.